As the global population ages, the prevalence of neurocognitive disorders, such as dementia, is rising, creating an urgent need for effective preventative strategies. Among potential options, red wine and its components—particularly its polyphenols—have garnered attention for their possible neuroprotective effects. This narrative review examines the current evidence regarding the influence of red wine on neurocognitive health, considering both preclinical and clinical findings.

Preclinical research has shown that the polyphenols in red wine, like resveratrol, exhibit protective effects on brain health and cognitive decline. Animal models suggest these compounds may help counteract the processes associated with dementia and other neurocognitive conditions. However, translating these findings to human health remains complex. Clinical evidence on the benefits of red wine is mixed, primarily due to the potential risks of alcohol consumption, which complicate the risk-to-benefit ratio for brain health.

Ultimately, while the polyphenols in red wine show promise in preclinical studies, there is currently insufficient clinical evidence to recommend even light-to-moderate red wine consumption as a preventive measure for neurocognitive disorders. Consistent with prevailing health guidelines, focusing on polyphenol-rich foods and supplements without alcohol may be a safer approach for promoting cognitive health as more research unfolds.